Erratum for: Swedish Harvests, 1665–1820: Early Modern Growth in the Periphery of European Economy

Abstract

Today, one of the greatest challenges facing macroeconomic history is to quantify economic growth in the early modern period. This article presents and discusses a series of total and per capita harvest production in Sweden within present bordersfor the period 1665–1820. The series is based on three main indices: grain prices, subjective harvest assessments and tithes. Various sources of harvests are more reliable as indicators of relative changes than of absolute levels. For example, tithes probably only taxed between 15 and 60 per cent of the actual harvests, but seem to capture annual harvest fluctuations reasonably well. To estimate the absolute level of per capita harvests, the index of the per capita harvest production is linked to data for the early nineteenth century, which are more reliable. The articles argues that harvests stagnated during the studied period, which is in line with several other studies for various European countries. The annual fluctuations were substantial.     

自动延时供水虹吸冲水节水技术的研究

自动延时供水虹吸冲水节水技术中人体感应器部分,采用了热释电红外探测技术,避免了环境光线的影响,保证了只有在有人进入有效区域内时才准确地发出控制上水信号,达到了无人时自动停止上水,有人时自动上水的目的。其上水有一个延时过程,延时时间要略高于水箱一次上满水的时间,而只有上满水整个系统才能形成虹吸现象,形成一次有效的冲洗。     

Investigating Donating Behavior Using Hypothetical Dictator Game Experiments

We conduct dictator game experiments to investigate donating behavior by simultaneously examining the time delay when the donee receives the donation and the individual characteristics of the donor. We show that donations decrease as the time delay rises and that gender, education level, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and utilitarianism affect donations independent of the time delay.     

Improving the IATA delay data coding system for enhanced data analytics

Aviation delays inconvenience travelers and result in financial losses for stakeholders. Without complex data pre-processing, delay data collected by the existing IATA delay coding system are inadequate to support advanced delay analytics, e.g. large-scale delay propagation tracing in an airline network. Consequently, we developed three new coding schemes aiming at improving the current IATA system. These schemes were tested with specific analysis tasks using simulated delay data and were benchmarked against the IATA system. It was found that a coding scheme with a well-designed reporting style can facilitate automated data analytics and data mining, and an improved grouping of delay codes can minimise potential confusion at the data entry and recording stages.     

How Labourers Fare in Fresh Fruit Export Industries: Lemon Production in Northern Argentina

Horticultural export industries have been acclaimed as promoting employment and growth. Critics, however, contend that most of the jobs created are low wage jobs. This article examines whether field labourers fared better than previously in a well positioned, producer-driven, innovative horticultural export industry. Our findings indicate that workers initially fared badly and we identify the strategies used to cap wages. Real wages and seasonal incomes increased significantly from 2002, but only after producers were pressured by government and the union regained political power. Contrary to expectation, escalating consumer demands for high-quality healthy fruit and responsible agronomic practices contributed to producers' response to the union's demands. We argue that the monitoring technologies and practices required by buyers allowed large producers to gain greater information about the role of field labourers in the production process and the transaction costs associated with unreliable, poorly trained occasional harvesters. Nevertheless, even after real wages rose, only few harvesting families managed to escape poverty at the height of the season.     

一种利用SDH通道传输航天测量船时间信息的方案

测量船通过IRIG-B(DC)码来传输时间信息,针对传统B码时间信息传输中存在的不足 ,根据SDH传输时延的确定性特点,提出基于SDH的高精度时间信息传输方案,通过SDH反向 通道环回时间信息,利用时延自适应补偿算法来抵消SDH通道传输时延。设计制作的时延补 偿设备成功应用于测量船内部时间信息传输,经过测试表明,传输后的时间信息准确度由补 偿前的数百微秒提高到补偿后的优于10 μs,远远高于系统对时间信息准 确度的要求。     

Permissible delay period and pricing decisions in a two-echelon supply chain

Suppliers often offer trade credits to their capital-constrained retailers to stimulate more sales. The permissible delay period, as a variable factor, influences almost all decisions in a trade credit contract. In this article, we consider a two-echelon supply chain involving a supplier and a capital-constrained retailer in which the demand is the retail price- and time-dependent. We propose a decision model to determine the optimal delay period and pricing decisions under a noncooperative Stackelberg game with the supplier as the leader. We obtain the analytical-form optimal solutions. Our analysis reveals the influence of the delay period on the wholesale and retail prices. Numerical examples further clarify our theoretical results.     

小型商业企业增值税筹划——以药品流通企业为例

企业市场竞争越来越激烈,而作为广义成本费用的增值税占成本费用的比重又越来越高,因而增值税筹划非常必要。利用纳税人身份不同税负不同、实物折扣与价格折扣的税收待遇不同筹划、直接收款和分期收款纳税义务时间不同筹划、免税政策筹划、运用进货价格折让临界点进行供应商选择筹划,通过上述方式达到节约税金,增加企业盈利,从而提高企业竞争力的目的。     

Holdup and Innovation

This paper examines the incentive to oppose innovation (or to delay agreement) when: there are multiple periods; previous outcomes affect the subsequent distribution of surplus; contracts are incomplete; and the parties are wealth constrained. Current agreements affect the parties, claim on future surplus either by altering their default payoffs (historical bargaining/contractual positions) or by changing their relative contemporaneous bargaining strengths. Delay will occur at different times depending on which assumption applies.